Ways of repairing damage to the muscles of the back passage following tearing during a difficult vaginal birth.
The risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries include a midline cut of the perineum (episiotomy) to facilitate the birth, forceps delivery and the baby’s back presenting posteriorly (occipito-posterior position). Most women give birth without any significant damage to their perineum or back passage. However, in about 1% to 4% of births, there is tearing and damage which extends to the back passage and the anal sphincter. This can cause considerable problems for some of these women in terms of pain, painful intercourse and faecal incontinence. For a few of these women, the incontinence can be very embarrassing and can impact significantly on their daily lives and relationships. This review of randomised controlled trials compared two different stitching techniques, one where the edges of the tissues were overlapped and the other where they were sewn end-to-end. There were 588 women in the six trials analysed. The trials were of moderate quality and differed in the participants, the outcome measures used and the points in time when they were measured. Only three trials with 156 women had 12-month follow-up data, when the overlap technique carried out as soon after childbirth as possible appeared to be better in terms of having faecal urgency and incontinence. Further research is needed to address women's views and experiences of surgery to prevent long-term problems.
The data available show that at one-year follow-up, immediate primary overlap repair of the external anal sphincter compared with immediate primary end-to-end repair appears to be associated with lower risks of developing faecal urgency and anal incontinence symptoms. At the end of 36 months there appears to be no difference in flatus or faecal incontinence between the two techniques. However, since this evidence is based on only two small trials, more research evidence is needed in order to confirm or refute these findings.
Anal sphincter injury during childbirth - obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) - are associated with significant maternal morbidity including perineal pain, dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse) and anal incontinence, which can lead to psychological and physical sequelae. Many women do not seek medical attention because of embarrassment. The two recognised methods for the repair of damaged external anal sphincter (EAS) are end-to-end (approximation) repair and overlap repair.
To compare the effectiveness of overlap repair versus end-to-end repair following OASIS in reducing subsequent anal incontinence, perineal pain, dyspareunia and improving quality of life.
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 September 2013) and reference lists of retrieved studies.
Randomised controlled trials comparing different techniques of immediate primary repair of EAS following OASIS.
Trial quality was assessed independently by all authors.
Six eligible trials, of variable quality, involving 588 women, were included. There was considerable heterogeneity in the outcome measures, time points and reported results. Meta-analyses showed that there was no statistically significant difference in perineal pain (risk ratio (RR) 0.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00 to 1.45, one trial, 52 women), dyspareunia (average RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.24, two trials, 151 women), flatus incontinence (average RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.23, three trials, 256 women) between the two repair techniques at 12 months. However, it showed a statistically significant lower incidence of faecal urgency (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.86, one trial, 52 women), and lower anal incontinence score (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.70, 95% CI -1.26 to -0.14, one trial, 52 women) in the overlap group. The overlap technique was also associated with a statistically significant lower risk of deterioration of anal incontinence symptoms over 12 months (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.79, one trial, 41 women). There was no significant difference in quality of life. At 36 months follow-up, there was no difference in flatus incontinence (average RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.99, one trial, 68 women) or faecal incontinence (average RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.34 to 2.98, one trial, 68 women).