Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods ►

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Two doses of an inactivated vaccine can help prevent Japanese encephalitis disease for at least one year; however, comparisons with other widely used vaccines are not available

Two key opportunities to inform global clinical trial policy: add your views

Two surgical techniques for corneal transplant (replacing the clear part of the eye with donor tissue)

Type I interferons for treatment of active ulcerative colitis

Type of electrical shock to restart the heart in a non-hospitalised person whose heart stops beating

Type of incision used for below knee amputation to create a skin flap that maximises healing

Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long-term bladder drainage in adults

Types of intra-muscular opioids for maternal pain relief in labour

Types of materials for frontalis sling surgery for congenital ptosis

Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalised adults

Typhoid conjugate vaccines for preventing typhoid fever (enteric fever)

Typical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies for gastrointestinal stromal tumours

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in adults

UICC and Cochrane – developing a partnership for global cancer control

Ulinastatin and thymosin as immune modulators for the treatment of sepsis

Ultra-early versus early surgery for hip fracture

Ultra-long acting insulin versus long-acting insulin for type 1 diabetes mellitus

Ultra-radical (extensive) surgery versus standard surgery to remove tumours in women with advanced ovarian cancer

Ultrasonography for clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis

Ultrasonography for diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Ultrasonography for diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis in people with alcoholic liver disease

Ultrasonography versus computed tomography scan for endoleak detection after endoluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) plus a clot-busting drug for breaking down a blood clot blocking a blood vessel in the brain

Ultrasound and blind endometrial sampling for detection of endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding

Ultrasound and liver function tests for the diagnosis of common bile duct stones

Ultrasound and shockwave treatment for recently broken bones in adults

Ultrasound during pregnancy for predicting differences in birth weight between twins

Ultrasound for determining the spread of stomach cancer

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy

Ultrasound guidance for injecting local anaesthetics in children to block pain transmission

Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks

Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization

Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for neuraxial anaesthesia in adults

Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for subclavian or femoral vein catheterization

Ultrasound tests for women with twin pregnancies

Ultrasound therapy for chronic low back pain

Ultrasound therapy had no clinical benefit on pain relief or muscle strength in people with patellofemoral knee pain syndrome

Ultrasound to guide arterial (other than femoral) punctures and cannulation in adults

Ultrasound use for insertion of arterial catheters in children

Ultrasound use for the placement of haemodialysis catheters

Ultrasound versus 'clinical touch' for catheter guidance during embryo transfer in women

Ultrasound-guided transvaginal ovarian needle drilling for clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome in subfertile women

Ultrasound-guided versus anatomic landmark-guided percutaneous femoral artery access

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter design (end vs side hole)

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter materials

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of heparin

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of position of the catheter tip

Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns

Umbilical cord management strategies for improving outcomes in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis

Umbilical vein injection after childbirth for management of retained placenta

Unboosted versus boosted atazanavir for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV/AIDS

Unbranded advertising of prescription medicines to the public by pharmaceutical companies

Uncertainty about the efficacy of hydergine in dementia

Uncertainty about usefulness of antiviral drugs in Ramsay Hunt syndrome

Uncoated balloon angioplasty versus drug-eluting balloon angioplasty for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs

Unconditional cash transfers in disasters: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries

Undernutrition may double risk of tuberculosis

Understanding evidence

Understanding health evidence in COVID-19 times

Unfractionated heparin versus low molecular weight heparin for avoiding heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative patients

Unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin for treatment of active ulcerative colitis

Unfractioned heparin versus bivalirudin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome

Unicompartmental arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis

Unilateral electroconvulsive therapy versus bilateral electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia

Unit-dose packaging of drugs for treating malaria

Universal community-based social development interventions for preventing community violence by young people 12 to 18 years of age

Universal multi-component alcohol misuse prevention for young people can be effective

Unsupervised exercise training versus no exercise training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Unwanted hair removal by laser systems and intense pulsed light sources

Update on ‘Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome’

Updated Cochrane living review investigates the use of convalescent plasma to treat people with COVID-19

Updated Cochrane Rapid Review assesses the effectiveness of quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic

Updated Cochrane Special Collection for World No Tobacco Day

Updated European Consensus Guidelines on Respiratory Distress Syndrome in preterm babies cites 39 Cochrane Reviews

Updated review: Insufficient evidence for use of Omega-3 supplements in treating depression

Updated Review: Thoracic imaging tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19

Upper limb exercise for haemodialysis fistula surgery

Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of complications from massive lysis (breakdown) of tumour cells in children with cancer

Ureteroscopic thulium versus holmium laser fragmentation for renal and ureteral stones in adults

Urethral bulking therapy for treating stress urinary incontinence in women

Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis versus haemodialysis for people with chronic kidney disease

Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease

Uricosuric medications for chronic gout

Urinary alkalisation for uncomplicated urinary tract infections

Urinary biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis

Urinary catheter policies for long-term bladder drainage

Urinary diversion and bladder reconstruction/replacement using intestinal segments for intractable incontinence following bladder surgery

Urodynamic studies (tests) for the management of urinary incontinence in children and adults

Ursodeoxycholic acid for liver disease related to cystic fibrosis

Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis

Ursodeoxycholic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas

US Federal ruling closes loophole on access to clinical trial results

Use by postmenopausal women of creams, pessaries or a vaginal ring to apply oestrogen vaginally for symptoms of vaginal dryness

Use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) for reducing pain in women who have had surgery for endometriosis

Use of a tourniquet during surgery for varicose veins

Use of adrenaline with lidocaine for surgery on fingers and toes

Use of alprazolam for treatment of essential tremor

Use of aminosteroids to treat traumatic brain injury

Use of anti-IgE treatment for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis

Use of antibacterial substances in resin-based fillings to prevent further tooth decay (next to the filling) developing after treatment

Use of antibiotics may or may not prevent leptospirosis

Use of antibiotics to prevent infection of dead pancreatic tissue in acute pancreatitis

Use of antibiotics to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with advanced liver disease

Use of antimotility drugs (Loperamide, Diphenoxylate, Codeine) to control prolonged diarrhoea in people with HIV/AIDS.

Use of antiviral drugs in late pregnancy for reducing the recurrence of genital herpes at labor and birth and reducing the risk of newborn HSV infection

Use of calcium during exchange blood transfusion for newborn infants

Use of capnography in emergency department patients being sedated for procedures

Use of clomiphene citrate or letrozole in in vitro fertilisation treatment

Use of clozapine in people with intellectual disabilities and psychoses

Use of Cochrane Reviews to inform WHO guidelines

Use of computer or robotic technology to assist surgeons in performing gynaecological surgery

Use of corticosteroids for treatment of the newborn with bacterial meningitis

Use of dexmedetomidine to reduce pain and induce sleep in newborn babies who need life support ventilation

Use of different methods of detecting if a baby is large-for-gestational-age, to improve health outcomes

Use of drains in adults after surgery for chronic subdural haematoma

Use of drug and non-drug interventions to reduce pain associated with rocuronium bromide injection in patients undergoing general anaesthesia

Use of ECG to prevent cardiac risk in opioid dependents treated with methadone

Use of fetal scalp blood lactate for assessing fetal well-being during labour

Use of fibrin-based agents to reduce blood loss in adults undergoing liver surgery

Use of fibrinogen concentrate in patients with bleeding

Use of fluids and pharmacological agents (medicinal drugs) to prevent the formation of adhesions (scar tissue) after surgery of the female pelvis

Use of Gingko biloba, an extract from the leaves of the maidenhair tree, for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration

Use of gloves, a gown or a mask for contact with hospitalised patients with Staphylococcus aureus resistant to a common antibiotic (MRSA)

Use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor during in vitro fertilisation treatment

Use of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory failure with low blood oxygen does not improve survival

Use of medication to treat depression in people with opioid dependence

Use of medicines to help release eggs in women with infertility being treated with medicines to increase the growth of eggs

Use of multiple versus fewer antiplatelet drugs for preventing early recurrence after stroke or transient ischaemic attack

Use of nerve repair devices in the arm, forearm, and hand

Use of nitroglycerin to deliver a retained placenta

Use of noninvasive ventilation (a mask ventilator) holds promise as a method to make it easier to remove adults from conventional ventilators.

Use of opioid antagonists with minimal sedation to manage opioid withdrawal

Use of oral steroids for cystic fibrosis

Use of oral supplements to increase calorie intake in people with cystic fibrosis

Use of oxygen during activities for people with lung scarring conditions

Use of plastic adhesive drapes during surgery for preventing surgical site infection

Use of platelet transfusions prior to a lumbar puncture or epidural anaesthetic in people with a low platelet count

Use of pregabalin for the treatment of essential tremor

Use of progesterone for treating preterm labour

Use of progestogen-releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding

Use of prophylactic barbiturates to prevent death or serious developmental problems in term or late preterm infants following birth asphyxia

Use of psychological interventions in women diagnosed and under treatment for non-metastatic breast cancer

Use of rapid point-of-care testing for strep throat to guide doctors prescribing antibiotics for sore throat in primary care settings

Use of red flags to screen for vertebral fractures in people with low back pain

Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for infants with jaundice

Use of shorter radiation treatments for prostate cancer

Use of slow-release oral morphine for the treatment of people with opioid dependence

Use of small volumes of breath insufflation for intraoperative mechanical ventilation during surgery

Use of SmartCare™ to aid discontinuing mechanical ventilation of adults in the postoperative period

Use of sodium bicarbonate to treat organophosphorus pesticide poisoning

Use of topiramate for the treatment of essential tremor

Use of treatments to dislodge soft foods stuck between the throat and the stomach to try to avoid the need for an endoscopy

Use of vitamin A and fish oils for retinitis pigmentosa

Use of wound drains after caesarean section

Use of zonisamide for the treatment of essential tremor

Usefulness of surfactant for bronchiolitis in seriously ill infants and children

User views of Cochrane Knowledge Translation

Using a cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth

Using a probe to clear a blockage in a child's tear duct

Using a structured questionnaire (the IQCODE) to detect individuals who may go on to develop dementia

Using a vitamin and mineral powder, mixed into complementary foods, to improve health and nutrition in children under two years of age

Using alpha-2 adrenergic agonists to prevent heart complications after major surgery

Using an antibiotic to prevent MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections and related complications in people having surgery

Using an omega-3 fatty acid made from fish oils to treat cancer related weight loss

Using antibiotics to reduce infection in babies exposed to meconium

Using antibiotics to treat intra-amniotic infection in pregnant women

Using antiretroviral drugs to treat children under 3 years old who have HIV infection

Using antiretroviral medication to prevent transmission of HIV from mother-to-child during breastfeeding

Using biochemical tests to measure placental function and improve pregnancy outcomes

Using computers to self-manage type 2 diabetes

Using condoms consistently reduces sexual transmission of HIV infection

Using corticosteroids to treat Kawasaki disease

Using de-escalation to prevent violence in aggressive people

Using diet to manage phenylketonuria

Using different statistical formats for presenting health information

Using ear drops to remove impacted ear wax is better than no treatment, but no particular sort of drops can be recommended over any other

Using email for healthcare professionals to contact each other

Using email for patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals to contact each other

Using evidence from civil society in national and subnational health policy processes: a qualitative evidence synthesis

Using information and communication-based prompting for patients with serious mental illness

Using medications (antimetabolites) to avoid scarring after cataract surgery, which might cause failure of a previous glaucoma operation

Using mobile phones to keep track of medicines and notify superiors when more are needed

Using mobile technologies to promote communication and management of care between healthcare professionals

Using mupirocin ointment to reduce staphylococcus aureus infection rates in people who are nasal carriers of staphylococcus aureus.

Using oxygen at high pressure (in a compression chamber) for the treatment of broken bones

Using oxygen at high pressure (in a compression chamber) for the treatment of individuals with severe soft tissue infection (necrotizing fasciitis)

Using patient questionnaires for improving clinical management and outcomes

Using patient-reported outcome measures to monitor progress among adults with common mental health disorders

Using pharmacological medications for unilateral spatial neglect (USN) after stroke

Using pine bark supplements to help treat a variety of chronic diseases

Using positive expiratory pressure physiotherapy to clear the airways of people with cystic fibrosis

Using psychological treatments to help people manage thalassaemia

Using qualitative evidence to identify factors influencing ICU health carers' use of guidelines to take adults and children off mechanical ventilation

Using samples obtained by bronchoscopy to decide how to treat lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis

Using selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) to treat schizophrenia

Using technology to rehabilitate children and adolescents with acquired brain injury

Using ultrasound to aid diagnosis of patients with a 'blunt' injury to the abdomen

Using wound drains after incisional hernia repair

Ustekinumab and briakinumab for the treatment of active Crohn's disease

Ustekinumab and briakinumab for the treatment of inactive Crohn's disease

Ustekinumab for plaque psoriasis

Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids

Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage

Vaccination against acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in autumn may reduce the number and severity of attacks during winter

Vaccination for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults

Vaccination for preventing postherpetic neuralgia

Vaccination in pregnancy to prevent pertussis in early infancy

Vaccines against overwhelming blood infection due to pneumococcus bacteria and lung infection (pneumonia) among children less than two years of age

Vaccines for preventing anthrax

Vaccines for preventing cutaneous leishmaniasis

Vaccines for preventing dengue infection

Vaccines for preventing diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bacteria

Vaccines for preventing Ebola virus disease

Vaccines for preventing flu in people with asthma

Vaccines for preventing hepatitis B in healthcare workers (an updated protocol)

Vaccines for preventing infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children

Vaccines for preventing influenza in multiple sclerosis patients

Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with cystic fibrosis

Vaccines for preventing malaria in the blood phase

Vaccines for preventing malaria in the pre-erythrocytic phase

Vaccines for preventing plague

Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: an updated Cochrane review

Vaccines for preventing seasonal influenza and its complications in people aged 65 or older

Vaccines for preventing severe Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections in people with sickle cell disease

Vaccines for preventing severe salmonella infections in people with sickle cell disease

Vaccines for preventing shingles in older adults

Vaccines for preventing smallpox

Vaccines for preventing the common cold

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