What is growth monitoring and promotion?
Many children under five years of age who live in low- and middle-income countries are not receiving adequate nutrition. This can lead to increased illnesses, impaired mental development (which diminishes school and work performance later in life) and death. Growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) is a complex intervention that involves measuring a child's growth at regular intervals and plotting the measurements on a chart, combined with different nutrition promotion activities. However, there are no standard guidelines explaining how to implement GMP or how to design the promotion activities, and even the purpose of GMP remains unclear.
What did we want to find out?
We aimed to assess the effectiveness of child GMP for identifying and addressing slow growth, improving infant and child feeding practices, and promoting contact with and use of health services in children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries.
What did we do?
We searched different databases that contain both published and unpublished results. We included randomised controlled trials (where investigators randomly allocate participants to different treatment groups); controlled before-after studies (where investigators measure results in different treatment groups before and after the intervention to see whether they have changed); and cohort studies (where investigators monitor people with and without a particular exposure over time; in this case the exposure would be GMP). We combined the results narratively to provide an overview of the findings.
What did we find?
We included six studies. They were conducted in resource-poor rural settings with high levels of malnutrition. We grouped the findings according to the type of intervention, which varied across studies.
Key results
There is limited and uncertain evidence on the effectiveness of GMP.
GMP programmes delivered in community health centres and meeting spaces compared to standard care
Three studies assessed the impact of a GMP programme delivered in community health centres and meeting spaces compared to standard care.
When looking at infant and child feeding practices at 24 months, we are unsure if GMP has any impact on the percentage of infants who had fluids other than breast milk introduced early (this was the case for 49.7% of infants in the GMP group and 70.5% of infants in the control group in one study). When looking at health service usage at 24 months, we are unsure if GMP has any impact on the percentage of children who receive vitamin A (72.5% of the GMP group and 62.9% of the control group in one study), or on the percentage of children who receive deworming (29.2% of the GMP group and 14.6% of the control group in one study). No studies reported child growth at 12 or 24 months, infant and child feeding practices at 12 months, or health service usage at 12 months.
GMP programmes delivered in community health centres and meeting spaces, providing extra food to children, compared to standard care
Two studies assessed the impact of a GMP programme delivered in community health centres and meeting spaces, providing extra food to children, compared to standard care.
When looking at infant and child growth at 12 months, we are unsure if GMP makes any difference to average weight-for-age (one study), and GMP may make little or no difference to the average height-for-age (one study). Two studies reported a range of outcome measures related to infant and child feeding practices at 12 months, and we are unsure if GMP had any impact. No studies reported health service usage at 12 or 24 months, feeding practices at 24 months, or infant and child growth at 24 months.
What are the limitations of the evidence?
We are not confident in the evidence because we have serious concerns about the reliability of the reported results. This is because in all studies, it is likely that the participants were aware of which treatment their village had been assigned to before they chose to participate. Findings should be interpreted with caution.
How up to date is this evidence?
The evidence is current to 3 November 2022.
There is limited uncertain evidence on the effectiveness of GMP for identifying and addressing faltering growth, improving infant and child feeding practices, and promoting contact with and use of health services in children aged under five years in LMICs. Future studies should explore the reasons for the apparent limited impact of GMP on key child health indicators. Reporting of GMP interventions and important outcomes must be transparent and consistent.
Undernutrition in the critical first 1000 days of life is the most common form of childhood malnutrition, and a significant problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The effects of undernutrition in children aged under five years are wide-ranging and include increased susceptibility to and severity of infections; impaired physical and cognitive development, which diminishes school and work performance later in life; and death. Growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) is a complex intervention that comprises regular measurement and charting of growth combined with promotion activities. Policymakers, particularly in international aid agencies, have differing and changeable interpretations and perceptions of the purpose of GMP. The effectiveness of GMP as an approach to preventing malnutrition remains a subject of debate, particularly regarding the added value of growth monitoring compared with promotion alone.
To evaluate the effectiveness of child growth monitoring and promotion for identifying and addressing faltering growth, improving infant and child feeding practices, and promoting contact with and use of health services in children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries.
We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 3 November 2022.
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and controlled before-after studies that compared GMP with standard care or nutrition education alone in non-hospitalised children aged under five years.
We used standard Cochrane methods to conduct a narrative synthesis. Our primary outcomes were anthropometric indicators, infant and child feeding practices, and health service usage. Secondary outcomes were frequency and severity of childhood illnesses, and mortality. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for each primary outcome.
We included six studies reported in eight publications. We grouped the findings according to intervention.
Community-based growth monitoring and promotion (without supplementary feeding) versus standard care
We are unsure if GMP compared to standard care improves infant and child feeding practices, as measured at 24 months by the proportion of infants who have fluids other than breast milk introduced early (49.7% versus 70.5%; 1 study; 4296 observations; very low-certainty evidence). We are unsure if GMP improves health service usage, as measured at 24 months by the proportion of children who receive vitamin A (72.5% versus 62.9%; 1 study; 4296 observations; very low-certainty evidence) and the proportion of children who receive deworming (29.2% versus 14.6%; 1 study; 4296 observations; very low-certainty evidence). No studies reported selected anthropometric indicators (weight-for-age z-score or height-for-age z-score) at 12 or 24 months, infant and child feeding practices at 12 months, or health service usage at 12 months.
Community-based growth monitoring and promotion (with supplementary feeding) versus standard care
Two studies (with 569 participants) reported the mean weight-for-age z-score at 12 months, providing very low-certainty evidence: in one study, there was little or no difference between GMP and standard care (mean difference (MD) −0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.19 to 0.06); in the other study, mean weight-for-age z-score worsened in both groups, but we were unable to calculate a relative effect. GMP versus standard care may make little to no difference to the mean height-for-age z-score at 12 months (MD −0.15, 95% CI −0.34 to 0.04; 1 study, 337 participants; low-certainty evidence). Two studies (with 564 participants) reported a range of outcome measures related to infant and child feeding practices at 12 months, showing little or no difference between the groups (very low-certainty evidence). No studies reported health service usage at 12 or 24 months, feeding practices at 24 months, or selected anthropometric indicators at 24 months.