What is bladder pain syndrome?
Bladder pain syndrome (BPS; also called painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis) is a long-term painful condition that affects the bladder. ‘Syndrome’ refers to a collection of symptoms. In BPS, these symptoms include: intense pain in the pelvis (felt below the bellybutton); sudden strong urges to urinate; needing to urinate more often than usual; and waking up several times during the night to urinate.
BPS is more common in women. We do not know what causes it or how to cure it. Symptoms sometimes come and go in phases. BPS can significantly affect lifestyle, work, emotional health and relationships.
Treatments for BPS
Lifestyle changes are usually tried first, then medicines and supportive therapies. Surgery may be needed as a last resort.
Medicines used include pentosan polysulfate sodium – which may help to restore the inner surface of the bladder – anti-inflammatories, antidepressants and antihistamines. Medicines that block the connection between nerves and muscles can be injected into the bladder muscle to try to relax it (‘neuromuscular blockade’). Supportive therapies and treatments include behavioural therapy, physiotherapy, bladder re-training, psychological therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
Review question
In this Cochrane Review, we wanted to find out which treatments work best to treat BPS.
What did we do?
We searched for studies that looked at any type of treatment for BPS. We looked for randomised controlled studies, in which the treatment people receive is randomly decided, because these studies usually give the most reliable evidence about treatments.
Search date
We included evidence published up to 11 May 2018. We conducted a further search on 5 June 2019, which yielded four small studies that were screened for eligibility but were not incorporated into the review.
What we found
We found 81 studies involving 4674 people with BPS. The biggest study included 369 people, and the smallest study included 10 people. Most studies lasted around three months; only six studies lasted 12 months or longer. Twenty-four studies were funded by pharmaceutical companies.
We found 65 treatments for BPS, which we grouped into 31 categories based on how the treatments worked. In most studies, a treatment for BPS was compared with a placebo (or dummy) treatment. We compared all treatments with each other using a mathematical method called network meta-analysis.
What are the results of our review?
After 12 months, antidepressants or neuromuscular blockade (and some other treatments) may improve symptoms of BPS more than placebo, but we are not certain about this result. We did not find enough evidence to know if pentosan polysulfate sodium improves symptoms.
We are uncertain whether 12 months of treatment with antidepressants, neuromuscular blockade or pentosan polysulfate sodium reduced pain (as measured on a scale); the number of times people had to urinate during the day; or the number of times people had to get up to urinate during the night.
Our confidence in the results
We are uncertain about our results because we did not find enough reliable evidence. Although we obtained results from 81 studies, most of these studies were small and did not include enough people for us to be certain of their results. Some of the studies (30%) were conducted by pharmaceutical companies, and this may have affected how the studies were designed, conducted and reported. Our results may change when results from more, and larger, studies become available.
Conclusions
We did not find enough reliable evidence about how well medicines, behavioural therapy, physiotherapy and neuromuscular blockade worked to treat all, or any, of the symptoms of BPS.
We are uncertain whether some treatments may be effective in treating patients with BPS because the certainty of evidence was generally low or very low. Data were available for a relatively large number of trials, but most had small sample sizes and effects of treatments often could not be estimated with precision. An NMA was successfully conducted, but limited numbers of small trials for each treatment category hampered our ability to fully exploit the advantages of this analysis. Larger, more focused trials are needed to improve the current evidence base.
Bladder pain syndrome (BPS), which includes the condition of interstitial cystitis, is a poorly understood clinical condition for which patients present with varying symptoms. Management of BPS is challenging for both patients and practitioners. At present, there is no universally accepted diagnosis and diverse causes have been proposed. This is reflected in wide-ranging treatment options, used alone or in combination, with limited evidence. A network meta-analysis (NMA) simultaneously comparing multiple treatments may help to determine the best treatment options for patients with BPS.
To conduct a network meta-analysis to assess the effects of interventions for treating people with symptoms of bladder pain syndrome (BPS).
We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register, which contains trials identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, in the Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and handsearched journals and conference proceedings (searched 11 May 2018) and the reference lists of relevant articles. We conducted a further search on 5 June 2019, which yielded four small studies that were screened for eligibility but were not incorporated into the review.
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of interventions for treating adults with BPS. All types of interventions (including conservative, pharmacological and surgical) were eligible.
We assessed the risk of bias of included studies using Cochrane's 'Risk of bias' tool. Primary outcomes were the number of people cured or improved, pain, frequency and nocturia. For each outcome, random-effects NMA models were fitted using WinBUGS 1.4. We monitored median odds ratios (ORs) for binary outcomes and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes with 95% credible intervals (Crls). We compared results of the NMA with direct evidence from pairwise meta-analysis of head-to-head trials. We used the CINeMA tool to assess the certainty of evidence for selected treatment categories.
We included 81 RCTs involving 4674 people with a median of 38 participants (range 10 to 369) per RCT. Most trials compared treatment against control; few trials compared two active treatments. There were 65 different active treatments, and some comparisons were informed by direct evidence from only one trial. To simplify, treatments were grouped into 31 treatment categories by mode of action. Most studies were judged to have unclear or high risk of bias for most domains, particularly for selection and detection bias. Overall, the NMA suggested that six (proportion cured/improved), one (pain), one (frequency) and zero (nocturia) treatment categories were effective compared with control, but there was great uncertainty around estimates of effect.
Due to the large number of intervention comparisons in this review, we focus on three interventions: antidepressants, pentosan polysulfate (PPS) and neuromuscular blockade. We selected these interventions on the basis that they are given 'strong recommendations' in the EAU Guidelines for management of BPS (EAU Guidelines 2019).
We found very low-certainty evidence suggesting that antidepressants were associated with greater likelihood of cure or improvement compared with control (OR 5.91, 95% CrI 1.12 to 37.56), but it was uncertain whether they reduced pain (MD -1.27, 95% CrI -3.25 to 0.71; low-certainty evidence), daytime frequency (MD -2.41, 95% CrI -6.85 to 2.05; very low-certainty evidence) or nocturia (MD 0.01, 95% CrI -2.53 to 2.50; very low-certainty evidence).
There was no evidence that PPS had improved cure/improvement rates (OR 0.14, 95% CrI 0.40 to 3.35; very low-certainty evidence) or reduced pain (MD 0.42, 95% CrI -1.04 to 1.91; low-certainty evidence), frequency (MD -0.37, 95% CrI -5.00 to 3.44; very low-certainty evidence) or nocturia (MD -1.20, 95% CrI -3.62 to 1.28; very low-certainty evidence).
There was evidence that neuromuscular blockade resulted in greater cure or improvement (OR 5.80, 95% CrI 2.08 to 18.30) but no evidence that it improved pain (MD -0.33, 95% CrI -1.71 to 1.03), frequency (MD -0.91, 95% CrI -3.24, 1.29) or nocturia (MD -0.04, 95% CrI -1.35 to 1.27). The certainty of this evidence was always very low.